Probiotics can be priceless in preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

A recent study examined the effectiveness of probiotics in warding off Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) in both children and adults. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and the number of cases and its level of severity have increased over the past decade, making it a growing healthcare concern.

by Daniel J. Cameron, MD MPH

There are at least 300,000 new cases of Lyme disease every year in the United States. As this patient group requires antibiotic therapy to treat Lyme and other tick-borne illnesses, there is a chance they can develop C. difficile. However, a rush decision to not prescribe or to discontinue antibiotics too soon can endanger the patient, as well.

Doctors should carefully weigh the risk of acquiring Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) against the risk of developing chronic complications from Lyme disease if an appropriate course of treatment is not provided. Published reports indicate antibiotic therapy for Lyme disease can lead to CDAD. One death associated with C. difficile in a Lyme disease patient has been reported. [1-3]

However, Lyme disease can lead to long-term health problems. Several studies have found the disease can cause chronic neurologic Lyme disease, [4] Lyme encephalopathy, [5,6] neuropsychiatric Lyme disease, [7] autonomic dysfunction, [8] and post-Lyme disease. [9]

C. difficile is a leading cause of hospital- and community-acquired CDAD. C. difficile is a toxin-producing anaerobic rod bacterium which has been associated with severe presentations, including “toxic megacolon, leukemoid reaction, severe hypoalbuminemia, septic shock, and death,” according to Dr. Lau, lead author of the study, published in the International Journal of General Medicine. [10]

There are treatments for CDAD, such as metronidazole and oral vancomycin, which have been proven effective. Fecal microbiota transplantation has been described, as well. In fact, Dr. Lau cites a study where fecal transplantation was more effective than vancomycin (90% versus 26%, P,0.0001). [11]

Meanwhile, probiotics have been suggested in preventing CDAD. “Probiotic use significantly reduced the risk of developing CDAD by 60.5%.” And, he adds, they were reportedly beneficial for both children and adults.

Probiotics have already been shown to play a therapeutic role in other disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and diarrhea. [10]

Each of the probiotics examined in the meta analysis was beneficial. “Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and a mixture of probiotics were all beneficial in reducing the risk of developing CDAD (63.7%, 58.5%, and 58.2% reduction, respectively).”

“Commensal bacteria inhibit enteric pathogens and may help suppress the growth and invasion of pathogenic bacteria, thereby improving intestinal barrier function. Probiotics also modulate proinflammatory cytokines, which help regulate immune responses and maintain homeostasis.” [10]

“Probiotic supplementation is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing CDAD in patients receiving antibiotics,” the authors conclude. However, more studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage and strain of probiotics.

References

1. Eppes SC, Childs JA. Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease. Pediatrics, 109(6), 1173-1177 (2002).
2. Holzbauer SM, Kemperman MM, Lynfield R. Death due to community-associated Clostridium difficile in a woman receiving prolonged antibiotic therapy for suspected lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis, 51(3), 369-370 (2010).
3. Nadelman RB, Arlin Z, Wormser GP. Life-threatening complications of empiric ceftriaxone therapy for ‘seronegative Lyme disease’. South Med J, 84(10), 1263-1265 (1991).
4. Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med, 323(21), 1438-1444 (1990).
5. Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Successful treatment of Lyme encephalopathy with intravenous ceftriaxone. J Infect Dis, 180(2), 377-383 (1999).
6. Fallon BA, Keilp JG, Corbera KM et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology, 70(13), 992-1003 (2008).
7. Fallon BA, Nields JA, Parsons B, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF. Psychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Psychiatry, 54(7), 263-268 (1993).
8. Kanjwal K, Karabin B, Kanjwal Y, Grubb BP. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome following Lyme disease. Cardiol J, 18(1), 63-66 (2011).
9. Crowder LA, Yedlin VA, Weinstein ER, Kortte KB, Aucott JN. Lyme disease and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: the neglected disease in our own backyard. Public Health, 128(9), 784-791 (2014).
10. Lau CS, Chamberlain RS. Probiotics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of General Medicine, 9, 27-37 (2016).
11. Cammarota G, Masucci L, Ianiro G et al. Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 41(9), 835-843 (2015).