Lyme Disease Prevention: What Works—and What Doesn’t Lyme disease prevention is the most effective way to reduce risk—but it is not foolproof. Even with precautions, tick exposure can occur. Understanding what works, what doesn’t, and what to do after a tick bite is essential. Even with careful prevention, infections can still occur. Recognizing Lyme disease […]
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Autonomic Dysfunction After Lyme Disease and COVID-19 Autonomic dysfunction, also called dysautonomia, can occur after infections including Lyme disease and COVID-19. Patients may develop symptoms such as dizziness, brain fog, fatigue, and neuropathic pain when the autonomic nervous system is disrupted. This case highlights the complexity of diagnosing autonomic disorders in patients with a history
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How Lyme Pathogens Change Tick Behavior and Survival Research suggests that pathogens carried by ticks may alter tick behavior in ways that improve their survival and increase the likelihood of disease transmission. Infections with organisms such as Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Babesia appear capable of manipulating tick biology, potentially increasing the tick’s ability to locate hosts
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Lyme Disease Co-Infections: Symptoms, Testing, and Treatment Lyme disease co-infections occur when a tick transmits more than one infectious pathogen during a single bite. Black-legged ticks can carry bacteria, parasites, and viruses capable of infecting humans at the same time. Today, ticks harbor multiple infectious pathogens that can be transmitted through a tick bite or
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Signs and Symptoms of Lyme Disease Lyme disease symptoms can affect many parts of the body. While many people associate Lyme disease with a bull’s-eye rash, Bell’s palsy, or flu-like symptoms, the infection can also cause sensory, cognitive, neurologic, and cardiac complications — even in its earliest stage. Unfortunately, the signs and symptoms of Lyme
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What is Lyme disease? Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected black-legged tick. The illness is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, a spiral-shaped organism known as a spirochete. The bacterium is typically transmitted by the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis), commonly called the deer tick. When an
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Lyme Disease Vaccine for Humans: Would You Trust It Today? Last reviewed: March 2026 | Daniel Cameron, MD, MPH A Lyme disease vaccine for humans once existed in the United States—but it disappeared from the market only a few years after approval. Lyme disease is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks carrying the bacterium
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Ticks must balance their need to find a host with the risk of drying out while waiting in the environment. This behavior, known as questing, occurs when a tick climbs vegetation and waits for a passing host to brush against it. Questing is the behavior ticks use to locate hosts. A tick climbs onto grass
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Sleep Disorders in Lyme Disease Many patients with Lyme disease describe the same pattern—exhaustion that never lifts, nights spent waking at 2 or 3 AM, and the feeling that sleep no longer restores them. Sleep disorders are among the most common yet least recognized symptoms of Lyme disease. These disturbances often reflect underlying autonomic dysfunction
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Behavior Changes in Children With Lyme Disease and Parental Stress Lyme disease in children can cause behavioral and emotional changes that are difficult for families to manage. Mood swings, irritability, aggression, and emotional outbursts can appear during the illness, sometimes overwhelming parents who are trying to respond effectively. These behavioral symptoms are increasingly recognized as
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