Babesia and Lyme — it’s worse than you think

Babesia and Lyme — it’s worse than you think

Babesia, a tick-borne infection that causes malaria-like symptoms, has been making headlines over the past two years as the number of reported cases increases, and concerns grow over the seriousness of the disease and its ability to be transmitted through the blood supply.

Although Lyme disease is the most talked about tick-transmitted disease, Babesia is more common than you might think. In the 2015 issue of Trends in Parasitology, Diuk-Wasser and colleagues report that up to 40% of patients with Lyme disease experienced concurrent Babesiosis. [1]

This means that out of the estimated 300,000 cases of Lyme disease reported annually in the U.S., 120,000 of those individuals may also have Babesia. This is particularly alarming given that the disease can go undetected in asymptomatic individuals and is transmissible through blood transfusions or congenitally. Additionally, Babesia requires different treatment than Lyme disease.

The Babesia microti (B. microti) parasite that leads to Babesia is commonly seen in blacklegged deer ticks. But according to the authors, it’s also common to find ticks and enzootic hosts carrying both Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) and B. microti. In fact, between 12% and 42% of rodents are co-infected with both agents. This would suggest that “coinfection provides a survival advantage for both pathogens.” [1]

reported_cases_by_year_2013

Source: CDC. Number of Babesiosis cases since it become a nationally reportable disease in 2011.

The first case of Babesiosis caused by the B. microti parasite was identified in 1969 in an individual who had vacationed in Massachusetts. It wasn’t until 2011, that it became a nationally notifiable disease with more than 1100 cases reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two years later, this number had risen to nearly 1800.

Setty and colleagues summarized their concern in a 2003 review, “Parasitemia in humans is transient and episodic. For this reason, there is a risk of asymptomatic donors transmitting the disease to recipients.” The authors raised concerns that there were 20 cases of Babesiosis and a variant Babesia strain called WA1 by red blood cells and blood component transfusions by 2003.

Babesia can lead to serious illness. Patients have presented with atrial fibrillation, [2] noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, [3] and anemia. [2] In New York, between 1982 and 1991, 7 people with Babesia died, while another patient on Nantucket Island developed pancarditis and died. [4]

Babesia occurs in individuals without the risk factors of increased age, prior splenectomy, immunosuppression, prematurity, and liver disease. [2] In one study of 192 patients, the average age was 46 years for individuals with Babesia. [5] The ages ranged from 27 to 83 years in a New York case series. [6] Five of 192 patients were immunosuppressed, [5] while none of the four subjects in another study had a splenectomy. [2]

Babesia can increase the severity of Lyme disease. Coinfected patients were more likely to have experienced fatigue, headache, sweats, chills, anorexia, emotional lability, nausea, conjunctivitis, and splenomegaly more frequently than those with Lyme disease alone. [7] 

Babesia can also increase the duration of illness with Lyme disease. Babesia patients can remain symptomatic for years with constitutional, musculoskeletal, or neurological symptoms. One study found that 50% of coinfected patients were symptomatic for 3 months or longer, compared to only 4% of patients who had Lyme disease alone. [7] Meanwhile, one-third of patients with a history of both Babesia and Lyme disease remained symptomatic an average of 6 years. [2]

“The clinical pictures for 3 out of our 4 coinfected patients included a large number of symptoms, and 1 coinfected patient had persistent fatigue after treatment,” according to a study by Steere and colleagues. [8] [bctt tweet=”Babesia and Lyme — it’s worse than you think” username=”DrDanielCameron”]

Babesia – difficult to diagnose 

Equally worrisome is the fact that the disease can be difficult to diagnose based on symptoms. Nearly all patients with Babesia reported sweats. However, if the patient was coinfected with Lyme disease, the incidence of sweats dropped to 42%. Sweats can also be reported in other tick borne illnesses. [5]

Blood sample for babesia parasite testingBabesia can also be difficult to diagnose with current testing. The parasite was detected microscopically in as few as one-third of patients with Babesia. [5] Specific amplifiable DNA and IgM antibody were more likely to be positive. [5] The reliability of tests for Babesia in actual practice remains to be determined.

The Babesia tests can become negative. The Babesia sporozoites can be too few in number to be detected on a thin smear or can resolve with or without treatment. It’s been reported that a positive serologic test for B. microti will decay over time, leading to a negative test. Half of the patients with positive serologic tests for B. microti were negative on follow-up. [2]

Treating Babesia  

Babesia cannot be treated with the same medications used to treat Lyme disease. Doxycycline is effective for Lyme disease, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasmosis but not for Babesia.   Treatment with Mepron and Zithromax has been effective for Babesia. Quinine and clindamycin have also been effective but are associated with a higher rate of side effects. Flagyl and Tindamax drugs have been proposed but not well studied. The optimal treatment for Babesia has yet to be worked out.

Physicians have different views over the diagnosis and treatment of Babesia. The Infectious Diseases Society of America’s (IDSA) guidelines advise:

  1. Symptomatic patients whose serum contains antibody to Babesia but whose blood lacks identifiable Babesia parasites on smear or Babesia DNA by PCR should not receive treatment.
  2. Treatment is also not recommended for asymptomatic individuals, regardless of the results of serologic examination, blood smears, or PCR.
  3. Asymptomatic patients with positive Babesial smears and/or PCR should have these studies repeated, and a course of treatment should be considered if Parasitemia persists for >3 months. [9]

There are physicians who have elected not to treat Babesia patients, who are asymptomatic. In 1998, Krause and colleagues reported, “24 of 46 Babesia-infected subjects, who received no specific treatment, had Babesia DNA detectable in their blood for an average of 82 days.” [10]

In 2002, Krause et al reported, “Because symptoms had resolved or improved by the time concurrent Babesiosis or HGE was diagnosed, therapy was not administered to 38 (58%) of the patients with Lyme disease plus Babesiosis.” [5]

There are physicians concerned that symptoms of Babesia may be overlooked when evaluating patients. [11] The symptoms of chronic Lyme disease were overlooked for up to 14 years until reported in the 1990 New England Journal of Medicine by Logigian et al. [12] Meanwhile, the symptoms of Lyme disease were dismissed in by the IDSA Lyme disease guideline committee in 2000 and 2006 as nothing more than the aches and pains of daily living. [11] And the severity of the chronic manifestations were not validated until the 4 National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored clinical trials were completed. [13]

 

Sources:

  1. Diuk-Wasser MA, Vannier E, Krause PJ. Coinfection by Ixodes Tick-Borne Pathogens: Ecological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Consequences. Trends Parasitol, (2015).
  2. Wang TJ, Liang MH, Sangha O et al. Coexposure to Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti does not worsen the long-term outcome of lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis, 31(5), 1149-1154 (2000).
  3. Golightly LM, Hirschhorn LR, Weller PF. Fever and headache in a splenectomized woman. Rev Infect Dis, 11(4), 629-637 (1989).
  4. Marcus LC, Steere AC, Duray PH, Anderson AE, Mahoney EB. Fatal pancarditis in a patient with coexistent Lyme disease and babesiosis. Demonstration of spirochetes in the myocardium. Ann Intern Med, 103(3), 374-376 (1985).
  5. Krause PJ, McKay K, Thompson CA et al. Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis, 34(9), 1184-1191 (2002).
  6. Meldrum SC, Birkhead GS, White DJ, Benach JL, Morse DL. Human babesiosis in New York State: an epidemiological description of 136 cases. Clin Infect Dis, 15(6), 1019-1023 (1992).
  7. Krause PJ, Feder HM, Jr. Lyme disease and babesiosis. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis, 9, 183-209 (1994).
  8. Steere AC, McHugh G, Suarez C, Hoitt J, Damle N, Sikand VK. Prospective study of coinfection in patients with erythema migrans. Clin Infect Dis, 36(8), 1078-1081 (2003).
  9. Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis, 43(9), 1089-1134 (2006).
  10. Krause PJ, Spielman A, Telford SR, 3rd et al. Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis. N Engl J Med, 339(3), 160-165 (1998).
  11. Cameron DJ, Johnson LB, Maloney EL. Evidence assessments and guideline recommendations in Lyme disease: the clinical management of known tick bites, erythema migrans rashes and persistent disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 1-33 (2014).
  12. Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med, 323(21), 1438-1444 (1990).
  13. Cameron DJ. Clinical trials validate the severity of persistent Lyme disease symptoms. Med Hypotheses, 72, 153-156 (2008).

369 Replies to "Babesia and Lyme — it’s worse than you think"

  • Fidmar
    12/29/2017 (4:26 pm)
    Reply

    I had Lyme Disease 2 years ago and was treated with antibiotics. Recently my bloodwork showed a high indication of Babesia infection, which my doctor said indicated a past infection. I have never felt the same since being diagnosed with Lyme Disease (constant fatigue and joint pain). Can Babesia still be present and flare up? Is it worth following up with a Specialist or Rhuematologist? Thank you for your help.

    • Dr. Daniel Cameron
      01/10/2018 (1:47 pm)
      Reply

      Babesia is a condition where a IgG “past infection” does not mean that the infection is necessarily gone.

      • Barry Long
        03/30/2019 (3:49 pm)
        Reply

        I was diagnosed and treated for babesiosis about 12 years ago. The treatment worked and the symptoms cleared up. I am now experiencing the same kinds of symptoms I had when first diagnosed 12 years ago. Can babesiosis stay “dormant” for that many years and then recur?

        • Dr. Daniel Cameron
          03/31/2019 (2:13 am)
          Reply

          I have seen clinically diagnosed cases of Babesia recur. I also look for other causes. I have Babesia cases where re-treatment helped.

    • Fred
      07/10/2023 (3:54 pm)
      Reply

      Joint pain is caused by acute or systemic infection with Bartonella, Borrelia or both. The nasty pathogens can trigger immune responses causing constant joint pain. Constant fatigue is caused by acute Babesia infection, because the parasites can invade the red blood cells causing hemolytic anemia. Short 5 days treatment with Ciprofloxacin can clear Babesia.

      • Dr. Daniel Cameron
        07/11/2023 (7:51 am)
        Reply

        Hemolytic anemia typically resolves after the first week or two of the infection. I start treatment for Babesia with atovaquone rather than ciprofloxacin based on the evidence and my experience. I have not seen support for ciprofloxacin.

  • Kay
    12/27/2017 (6:04 pm)
    Reply

    My Lyme and Babesia went undiagnosed for a year, maybe a bit longer. I’ve finally completed the abx part of my treatment, and was feeling almost 100% I’m starting herbal antimicrobials soon to clean up the last bits, but the problem remains my Babesia infection has clung to my body quite stubbornly. I just had a chest episode (the crushing elephant sitting on your chest feeling) and it’s been atleast a month since my last one. Why is this parasite so damn hard to ridd my body of??! My biggest fear is I’ll never fully get back to normal.

    • Dr. Daniel Cameron
      12/27/2017 (10:37 pm)
      Reply

      Thanks for sharing your frustration. Keep working on getting healthy.

  • Jennifer
    11/26/2017 (8:21 pm)
    Reply

    Two months ago, I tested positive for Babesia antibodies, but the follow-up smear and PCR were negative. I now have recurrent episodes of fever/chills/aches/sweats/headache and other symptoms, each short in duration (12-48 hrs) with rapid recovery after. I fear my physician will deny treatment due to the test results and my apparent good health, and I will continue to have a lingering low-level infection. Will this infection, if Babesiosis, truly resolve on its own?
    I have been working as a field biologist in MA (Cape/Islands and inland) for 25 years (= major tick exposure). Amazingly, this is my first known tick-borne disease but most of my coworkers have been ill one or more times. I have found many physicians to be (back then and now) a bit slow to the table.

    • Dr. Daniel Cameron
      12/02/2017 (1:51 am)
      Reply

      Thanks for sharing your concern. The smear and PCR can resolve before testing leaving only the antibody test. I would not dismiss a positive antibody test.

  • Julie
    11/13/2017 (3:11 pm)
    Reply

    I was bit in 2001 and had symptoms since that no doctor could explain. In 2010 after a brain and spinal MRI I was told I most likely had MS due to lesions. In 2012, I was positive for chronic lyme and bartonella and in 2016 tested positive for babesia microti and duncani. I have been treating since 2012 with the worst herxing beginning with babesia treatment in 2017 and ongoing.

    My MRI’s are much worse and I am no better. My family thinks it is foolish to continue to treat lyme and the co-infections and that I should go on MS drug treatment. I am really discouraged at this point but not sure if MS treatment will make me worse.

    • Dr. Daniel Cameron
      03/01/2018 (5:21 pm)
      Reply

      The lesions of Lyme and MS are similar. I urge my patients to include neurologist as part of the evaluation as you weight options.

  • roxanne
    11/06/2017 (1:05 am)
    Reply

    I have babesia and lyme and have been treating for six years without much success. It would appear that Babesia is the biggest player in my illness yet, nothing seems to knock it. Not even Mepron and Azithromycin. My Dr. is now putting me on the dreaded Quinine/Clindamycin protocol. In your experience is one protocol better that the other in you patients?

    • Dr. Daniel Cameron
      11/07/2017 (11:39 pm)
      Reply

      I prefer Mepron and Azithromycin to avoid the side effects of Quinine and Clinadamycin. Nevertheless Quinine and Clindamycin helps some people. Flagyl and tindamax has been considered for their antiparasite effects but the research has not caught up.

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